Hello. Last time, we just started talking about wars of armies. And I gave you a little bit of a progression of how armies and their kind of organization. The kind of social support. The logistics had changed over the last few thousand years. Now we're going to go back instead of. Tell that story again, but with references to specific battles. So we're going to see what the progress of battle, in a sense. That might be a strange word to use, but I want to introduce you to the notion of how these various organizational changes. Played out on the battlefield. Now before I do, let me just give you a very, very basic primer on what's going in battle. And there's two major lessons. The first one is, in a battle, you might have one of two goals. One, you have the eradication of the enemy, that is, you want to destroy the enemy. But much more common is. Is you simply want to disrupt the organization of the enemy. That is, you want to disrupt the ability of the enemy to have that collective means of violence. So in the first, the one is fairly straightforward. You simply want to kill anything that's in front of you and we're going to see how this becomes relevant in particular moments in time. But most of the time what you're really after is not to kill every single soldier. But to, in a sense, break up that collective. To transform what is a fist into a series of fingers. The, it might even get, getting rid of that many of the enemy soldiers, as disrupting their capacity to organize and to unify. Now there's a couple of ways of doing that. And I'm going to simplify those of you with much more military training than I have, which is none, I apologize. But just to give you an idea of what is going on inside battle. So imagine. You've got two sides. Alright and again, you're either trying to exterminate, the other side or you're simply trying to disrupt it. And in battle you can summarize a lot of these movements in a fairly simple way. There is the straightforward and the simplest battle, okay? In which you simply run into each other, and we will see examples of this for example with the phalanx. There is not a lot of complications. There's usually only one or two types of weapons, you have no sort of combined weapons, and all you want to do is run at each other. Hopefully to either again, eradicate this enemy or break their will and disrupt their line. And once that line is disrupted, then these individual soldiers can become, much more easily, victims of this still united, organized force. Another way of doing this slightly more complex and again requiring more and more organization is to maybe hit them in the flanks at some way or the other. This is the fear of every single general, to be flanked. Because what that means is that this group which is facing this way with their weapons, now you can have some of these men being able to unite and. Take them out this way. This is or, or worst come out from behind. And what we'll often see in battle are very elaborate versions of this. Very elaborate versions of always trying to go around the flank to try to avoid this frontal assault because of course this is associated with a great deal of casualties. These flank assaults in a sense allow you to prevent that kind of collision and allow you to finesse a victory. A third way which is going only start playing a role at, at, at particular moments is by introducing a third dimension. We might call artillery or we might simply call archery. There is where you are not confronting each other, where you are using these weapons in one way or another again to either eradicate the enemy, that might be the case with modern artillery. Or with atomic weapons certainly tactical atomic weapons. But more importantly, what you want to use these, this kind of artillery for or archery, is to disrupt the line. To make it very, very difficult for the enemy to maintain that unity, in that kind of organization. Well the last thing is, as we progress in our battle, we're going to see a combination of these various methods, in a combination of various weapons. Where the earliest types of battles are usually featuring, again, one, or two, at most, weapons systems, we will see that as, as, as battle progresses, the kinds of weapons that you're using, the kind of units that you are using. The kinds of assault movements that you're using are exponentially increasing, and the complexity of this process of battle is ever increasing. [BLANK_AUDIO]