The central topic, since we began talking about the history of social welfare, and a topic that will remain with us all the way through the conversations about the welfare state and social welfare is the issue of stigma. Initially, stigmatized groups were considered amongst the unworthy poor, and you'll remember they included drunkards. They included criminals and people that were disruptive to the society. They included people that didn't work and were perceived as being able to work. That often included people who were mentally ill, people that had various forms of disabilities that weren't so obvious to the public. But no group of people has been more focused on stigma than women that have had children outside of marriage. So in the 1960s a movement grew up, the Welfare Rights Movement. And the Welfare Rights Movement was challenging the stigma of women who were raising children alone and had never married. So in 1960 if you worked in social welfare, you would go in the middle of the night and check a woman's home and see if there was a man in the house. And if there was a man in the house, you would remove her mother's pension her AFDC. In the 1960s we moved away from the law of settlement that require that a woman could only receive her mother's pension in the place where she was originally lived. And made it that you could travel anywhere in the country and still be eligible for AFDC. But the most important change was the end of the man in the house rule. So that now a woman who had children outside of marriage was no longer denied social welfare. And this led to a large increase in the number of people on the welfare case load because a marriage had become less central. More and more marriages were breaking down and women were raising children alone. So this expansion was always somewhat suspect in the society, this stigma of the unworthy woman remained. So a second major addition that happened in the welfare rights movement, was the fight for what was called the 33 and a third rule. And this meant that you could receive a mother's pension, and keep $33, equivalent to about $150 now, of your earnings. And then after that, a third of every dollar would be removed from your welfare check until you no longer needed the welfare check. So this one was a very sophisticated and advanced form of allowing people to work their way off of welfare. And this program was in place until the welfare reforms of the early 1980s. When again, the issue of stigma of women that were raising children out of marriage raised its head. So the public support for single parent families in the North East and the Midwest and the West rose. AFDC and food stamps were available to families to bring them above the poverty line. In the Southwest, and in the South there was still a limit on this. And benefits were very low, and often people remained in poverty. But in 1969, in a Northern city, with your AFDC benefit, and your public housing benefit, and your food stamp benefit, you could raise your family well above the poverty line and live a fairly comfortable life in the city. Over the years that pass, those benefits erode. So the Welfare Rights Movement also included the fight to create a general assistance program and outdoor relief program for single people who were living being on the street. And in this period of time, there was no homelessness. Because any person could find their way into a public housing situation and an income situation. So people that were homeless were people were truly transient and on the street. So just to close this unit, we will return to the question on stigma. And whether supporting women who are raising children alone is a valuable function in the society, or whether work requirements and other limitations should be placed on women to make them behave in ways that the society deems appropriate.