[MUSIC] Hello, we're going to see the insights of the sustainable fisheries. First, we're going to see what is a fishing resource. Then we're going to see the current management tools. And finally, we're going to look at the sustainable fisheries and their requirements. Let's start from the beginning. What is a fishing resource? Fishing resource is a natural entity that responds to human activities, that means human pressures, so fishing. Also to the environment variability, but also to its own dynamics. So it will be hard to predict what the fishing stocks will do in the future. The fishing management is also a renewable resource. That means that it can be sustainable, but it is also finite, and it is also of a collective ownership. So then we have two main options, either to let biomass in the sea or to fish them and then keep the money into the banks. So the example may be, what is the value of a small fish today? And what would be the value of a large fish within a year? So what is best? Let's move into the current management models. Currently, we need to manage the fishery resources. Because during the last decades, the improvement of technology has bring the fishing stocks into the limit. So we need to manage these fishing stocks. Otherwise, it will be over exploited. We have also seen that fishing resources are of collective ownership. That means that fish in the sea has no owners. So everyone can fish them, but we need to manage this pressure. We have also two models. For example, in United State, they normally privatize the resource. That means that they are not collective anymore. So they have an owner. We talk about the ITQs, that means individual transferable quotas. So we divide the fishing stock into parts, and one of them has this fishing biomass to catch. Instead, in Europe, we still have collective. The fishing resources are still collective. That means that the government will be the one in charge to manage and to take the decisions of the rules to manage the fishing resource. Let's see how we have currently the management to the models. This is an integrative process, and also a model that it has to be updated very frequently. We have a further step that we need to plan, and we need to know which is the the fishing resource we want to manage. Then we need to clearly define the objectives. What will we want to reach? There is also an important step that is gathering information, not only biological information, but also social and economical information. With all this information, we can then analyze all this data. An important step before making decisions, it is to consult all the interested part. That means not only scientists, government, but also fishermen and other local association or NGOs interested in the fishing management. Finally, we can take the decision, and we can formulate the rules. An important step is also the feedback of these decisions. So are they correct, or do we need to change them? We have four main objectives in the fishery management, biological, ecological, economic, and social. The biological objective is to maintain the species subject to fishing at levels equal or greater that the levels necessary to ensure their continued productivity. So make the fishing resources sustainable. We have also to take in account the ecological objective. Our aim is to minimize the impacts of fishing on the physical environment and also on the other species that are not the target one, so the bycatch, to reduce the bycatch. There is also an important economical objective that is try to maximize the net income of the participants in the fisheries. And the last one, it is a social aim, to maximize the employment opportunities of those who depends on the fisheries and their welfare. We have a nice example here in Europe talking about the Common Fisheries Policy, the CFP. So how, in Europe, do we manage the fishing resources? As fishing resources are of collective ownership, and many countries may be interested in fishing in the same sections or the same areas, we will need to divide the ocean into distinct sections and to see what are the fishing resources there. Let's take an example, for example, of hake, the Merluccius merluccius. We have divided the ocean into different sections. And we know the biomass of hakes in each of these sections. Then scientists can manage to know the final total admissible quota. That means how much of the fishing stock can we extract from the sea, and which is the biomass that needs to be kept in the ocean so that it is sustainable over the years. So we have, for each of the ocean sections, an exact number of tag, a total admissible quota. But everyone can fish them, so we will now need to divide this total admissible quota into the different countries interested in fishing there. And so this fishing management will need to be done for each of the species that is going to be fished within the Europe. So when we do fisheries management, we will have to talk about three different actors, or three implicated stakeholders. Of course, the government authorities, also fishermen, and also scientists. Scientists, we understand not only biologies, but also economists and sociologists. And we will need to all collect as much as data as we can. With all these data, we will analyze. But we need a good database, that sometimes it's difficult to get, because we have not reliable data to rely on. Then we will need to modelize all this data. But sometimes we have a percentage of uncertainty, because the model, the the fishering stocks are difficult to predict. So sometimes we do recommendations based on the principle of precaution. When these recommendations are based on this principle, they are sometimes low, because we say low numbers of total admissible quotas. Which these recommendations will be not very welcome for the fishermen, because that means that less fishing means less net income. And when we when we don't agree between scientists and fishermen, the government authorities will be in a position difficult to manage. How can we solve all this triangle, this difficult triangle? The current model that it is now in Europe, for example, is the co-management. What is the differences between the current models and the co-management? The co-management means that the system is, we have a bottom-up system. That means that the fishermen really believe that we are over exploiting the resources, and that we need to do something to change. So we need to take some measures or some strategies. Then the dialogue between fishermen and scientists will be very fluid. So we can then, scientists we take an advantage that we will have a better database, because fishermen will tell us all these data. And fishermen will be part of the decision, so they are implicated in the model. So the decisions are not taking by the government authorities, as before. Because now they are taking by the three implicated parts, the three stakeholders. That has another advantages, that is, that it needs no exhaustive control of the majors, because the fishermen already believe that this is necessary. We have a great example, for example, Malken Bjorkan from the Nordland Research Institute in Norway, that had studied this co-management case studies in different countries, and has spread all over Europe this model. And nowadays, these co-management models are growing, and we have more sustainable fisheries. [MUSIC]
