So now we will be talking about how do we conclude a speech. According to a research mainly there’re six types of conclusions. No.1, is that you call for action, sometimes you call for immediate action, sometimes may be for long term, and sometimes you’re asking for people to change their attitude towards something. But any way, we all account that for calling for action. No.2 is that when you have finished presenting your topic, and then you come to a natural end, and you do not say anything special, you don’t repeat anything, you just naturally end of there. And I believe especially when you have some time limit, most will just have no time to recap, to reinforce on anything, so they simply stop, and that may also work actually. If you got some time, you want to repeat your theme, or you recap your point, or put your point in other ways, so people have a stressed impression what you are talking. And sometimes, experienced speaker will leave something or leave a question or something you can think about and that is what we call, it is thought provoking. And some we’ll simply to look at the future and give you a better idea about what the future would be like regarding the topic. And sometimes you simply to quote someone else. Ok, let’s check some of them that I believe this is most useful for most Chinese speakers. Let’s say No. 1, call for action, let’s see how this work. Ok, so, see, here is the time to speak up in support of all of those who peacefully challenge fundamentalism and terrorism in their own communities is now. Here "now" emphasizes much on what we are going to do now and who we are going to support, people who are fighting or going to fight against terrorism. When it comes to the speaker Karima, she studied the law all the time. So you can see that, I suggest you guys to carefully study all of her speeches after class. The problem we've talked before, she cannot face the problem that she isn't able to protect her father when she was a child, from the threat of those terrorists with paring knife. So powerless she felt. After that, she chose to study the law. So today she can stand on a very high level, a very influential stage, to call people to fight against the terrorism. Of course, her expressions are very reasonable, which is worth learning. Another speaker, this scientist keeps studying about bia data. That is what we say studying the big data. the core of big data is first a sufficient source of data. However, some information about government, society, some departments, is secret to public. We can see from the background of lecture. They are calling for possible data as much as possible, so as to make best use of the big data to do something beyond your imagination, some amazing things. This is the second lecture by him. He feels that a lot of people have made some progress in that field, and he speaks it loudly. Now, actually one of the study is Raw data now. We need more raw data now. In addition, Thank you very much and we have just started. At the same time, to explain the current situation clearly, we are just the beginning. It is not only a encouragement, but also a wish for the future, hoping everyone can take some actions right now. Let’s see another one. If we call for immediate action. If we call for immediate action. Sometimes,for example , you give a speech, you may need some people's help now, such as filling out the form or questionaire, or maybe you need some volunteers to join a club. All of these are possible, then we can see that literally. he is the founder of Khan Academy, here is the part of his speech. And this is something that I recommend everyone in this audience to do. And here are something he suggests us to do Those dashboards the teachers have, you can go log in right now and you can essentially become a coach for your kids, or nephews, or cousins, or maybe some kids at the Boys and Girls Club. He puts emphasis on that everyone could become a mentor or a tutor to serve many people. So what his key point here is that you need to login And yeah, you can start becoming a mentor, a tutor, really immediately. He is strongly calling for everyone to take actions as soon as possible, being a supervisor or tutor and so on. Well. It’s amazing. I think you just got a glimpse of the future of education. We saw the blueprint of education just now, and the founder of Khan Academy. Whenever is possible, he is busy in calling for calling for more people to devote themselves immediately by teaching others their skills and knowledge on the Internet. So this could be regarded as a classic example of calling for immediate action. Let’s see another one. Sometimes we do not need people to do something, but we want them to change their mind over things. Sometimes, we just hope they could change some views on things, which are very important actually. Like this paragraph: So, in the future, every time you use your mobile phone, let it be a reminder to you that you have to fight for self-determination in the digital age. Thank you. What the concept we are talking about here is ,in the future, when you watch your cellphone again, you should think about that, we are living in a digital age, your right of self-determination can only be got by your hard efforts. This is the age now. What is his meaning? You know in fact, we've mentioned before, since many people are bound to their cellphones they cannot be themselves, do what they really want to do. So because cellphone is just in your hands, whatever, it is easy for you to start doing anything by your cellphones. But now, he focuses on tha you should fight for self-determination Sometimes, you are not going to do something with your self-determination, especially something unnecessary. But we need to determine something for ourselves. So when you hold it again, and it is high time for you to make s decision. Anytime when you pick it, you need to ask yourself whether it's OK for me to spend some time here or not. It sounds a little bit unnatural, thinking nothing when you take it, this is a electronic age, the cellphone is just one I take casualy. But you start wasting a lot of time on it. So, He’s actually advocating a certain attitude. Ok? And now, let’s look to another type is that you repeat your topic, and your theme. Let’s see this one. It is a simple one. We all know that at the end of the speech, we all hope the speaker can end it quickly. But the speaker often want to emphasize his points again. It is like sometime we tend to speak in Chinese that the most important point you need to get today before the end of our speech is blah blah...... you may repeat your theme in another way In English, if we go to a restaurant, we may take away a little food at the end of eating. take away those packaged back home is a metaphor here. takeaway to this talk So, after listening to this speech today, if only one sentence you've remembered, take away one sentence, that is, I hope it’s that we all feel more comfortable acknowledging the power of image in our perceived successes and our perceived failures. Then if he emphasizes his own view in this way. what is the advantage of the way? takeaway very vivid, the one point that you will take away the core thing here. Then it is very simple. Another way to repeat something, let me try this one， There’s a great Neal Stephenson line where he says that wired people should know something about wires. And we should know, I think, we should know where our Internet comes from, and we should know what it is that physically, physically connects us all. Thank you. Here is Andrew Blum Andrew Blum actually he is an architect, an engineer an engineer of design But one day, he found his Internet doesn't work well. In result, after checking by an engineer, saying that you have a cable bit by a squirrel which made him surprised. He wanted to know what was the relationship between my Internet and cable. Since then, he started doing some research for a few years, thinking that if he kept going along this cable, he would find a source. Consequently, he found that Internet is a abstract concept traditionally very large, no location People don't consider it on a physical level. So the person studied it on a physical level very carefully, then found that there were a lot of backbone networks. Many people lay them, establish them. Then he digged out the whole thing in an unique view as a layman. the physical level of whole Internet. what you have seen is he is a very good point here. In fact, here is a quotation of other person. But we could think about it here. There’s a great Neal Stephenson line The person speaks a great line. line somebaby line In oral English, we would say That's my line This's somebody line This's somebody line line it's what he said where he says that wired it has just been repeated later. The core of his speech is about the physical level of Internet. I suggest you to study this speech, especially the students who major in science and engineering. Spending some time to read it, so great! ok Ok, sometimes you want to leave a question and you want your audience to think it over and over, and this is what Chris Jordan is doing now. This is what we've seen a person with high sense of social responsibility. Digital Artists Digital Artists The work he has done is actually about some social problems noticed by him. For instance, in airplne, the disposable cup used many times by people everyday. But the cup can be made by a more environmental way. This person thinks this problem Visually Visually like he collected all the disposable cups from all the flights in America one day. stacking them together one by one into a very large picture. and the size of that picture can show people so much resource has beenwasted everyday many other social problems, such as smoking, cosmetic surgery and so on. He showed them to people in visual way. As for the end of his speech, in this way, actually because the topic is the Social events related to everyone to everyone's life. But those problems are neglected by some people who are busy in their own important things. But when he mentioned this topic, he has drawn everyone's attention to those important social events. In people's minds, what is the feel what is the attitude. Then at the end of his speech, he expressed it in this way. I’m speaking, this is who we are in this room, right now, in this moment. We can learn from here, he views it from the time and space, from the human, the following sentence is very wonderful: who we are in this room indicating the subject. right now this time in this moment we have talked about this theme just now, I’m not speaking abstractly about this. I’m not speaking abstractly about this. but calling for everyone to make some changes. Actually, I think this is a model ending a speech in this way. Well, I believe that if we do it this way, pretty soon you’ll find out that actually the elephant is inside the fridge. In this way, we found that we know how to begin how to develop and how to conclude as if we could put a big elephant into the refragirator finally.
