What Is Hashing in Cybersecurity?

Key takeaways

• Hashing in cybersecurity is a technique for converting data values into unique identifiers called hashes for quick yet secure data access.

• Hashing works by converting data inputs of various sizes into a fixed-size string of characters, so it can take data such as a name and convert it into a unique hash.

• As a one-way function, hashing makes it impossible to recover the original data from the hash, thereby enhancing data integrity.

Concerning hashing versus encryption, hashing transforms plaintext into a unique code that cannot be reversed, whereas encryption scrambles plaintext into unreadable ciphertext, which can be decrypted with a key to make it readable again. Discover what hashing is in this article, including how it works, some use cases, and limitations. If you’re ready to start preparing for a role in cybersecurity, consider pursuing the Google Cybersecurity Professional Certificate. In as little as six months, you can learn how to protect networks, devices, and data from unauthorized access and cyberattacks using security information and event management (SIEM) tools.

What is hashing?

Hashing is a data security technique used to convert data values into alternate, unique identifiers called hashes for quick and secure access. Hashing can be used for data security because the one-way process prevents access to or tampering with the source data.

Read more: Data Protection vs. Data Security: What’s the Difference?

What is a hash function?

A hash function is an algorithm that transforms any amount of data into a fixed-length element or string. A good hash function ensures that even tiny changes in input data will produce dramatically different hash outputs. This property is crucial for security applications, where the hash function must make it nearly impossible to derive the original input from the hash.

How does hashing work and use cases

In computer science, hashing is a technique used in data structures such as hash tables, where it converts inputs of any size into a fixed-size string of characters, typically in numerical format. You can perform this through hash functions. It takes data, like a name or a file, and creates a unique hash for it.

Data retrieval

One of the primary uses of hashing is data retrieval. Hash tables, for instance, use hashing to store and retrieve data efficiently. When you add data to a hash table, the hash function computes a hash for that data. This hash then determines where the data is stored. When you need to retrieve the data, the hash function recalculates the hash and directly accesses the data's location. This process makes data retrieval incredibly quick, regardless of the size of the data.

Cryptography

Another significant use of hashing is in cryptography, specifically for verifying data integrity. In digital signatures, for example, a document’s hash is encrypted with a private key to create the signature. The recipient can then use the sender's public key to decrypt the signature, recompute the hash, and compare it to the received hash. If the hashes match, the document is authentic and untampered with.

What is hashing vs. encryption?

When you encrypt plaintext, you scramble it into unreadable ciphertext. Upon receiving the ciphertext, you can apply a relevant key to decrypt it and make it readable again. The process of hashing transforms plaintext into a unique code that you cannot turn back into readable plaintext.

What are the limitations of hashing?

Despite its benefits, hashing does have limitations. A hash collision occurs when different inputs produce the same hash output. While good hash functions make this highly unlikely, it's not impossible. Also, hashing is a one-way function, so you can't get the original data from the hash. While this is good for security, it's not ideal for situations where you need to retrieve the original data.

Related terms

• Non-fungible token (NFT)

• Encapsulation

• Cryptography

• Information security (InfoSec)

• Cybersecurity

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