What Is a Doctorate?

A doctorate is the highest degree you can earn in an academic field or profession. Earning your doctorate can help advance your career and increase your salary, while also showing others that you’re an expert in your field. 

In this article, we’ll review the two different types of doctorate degrees, the areas you can study, and the benefits of graduating with one. 

Types of doctorate degrees

There are two types of doctorate degrees available to earn: academic and professional. Each type is a terminal degree, meaning it’s the highest degree you can earn and shows true mastery over a subject. The type of doctorate you earn will largely depend on what you want to study. 

Academic doctorate 

An academic doctorate, often called a PhD (short for Doctor of Philosophy), is a research degree that typically requires completing a dissertation. Students enrolled in a PhD program may be interested in working in academia as a professor or conducting research in their field. However, a growing number of PhD students go on to apply their specialized knowledge and skill set to various careers outside of academia as well. 

Examples of academic doctorates include:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

• Doctor of Education (EdD)

• Doctor of Design (DDes)

• Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS)

Professional doctorate

A professional doctorate is also referred to as an applied doctorate, and has more to do with a specific profession, such as medicine, law, or business. Students in professional doctorate programs enroll to learn specific knowledge and skills needed to pursue their chosen career path.  

Examples of professional doctorates include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

• Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)

• Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD)

• Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM)

• Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)

• Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)

• Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (ND)

• Juris Doctor (JD)

Doctorates: Time and costs

On average, it takes between three and five years to earn a doctorate in Canada if you already have earned a master's degree [1]. However, you may be in school for longer, depending on factors like the number of courses you take each year, the field you study, and the type of degree you pursue.

Costs of a doctorate

As with timing, the costs of a doctorate degree will depend on what you choose to study and where you go to school. The average yearly cost to earn a PhD at a Canadian university varies from school to school, and annual tuition for the 2023-24 academic year was between $1,905 CAD [2] and $17,465 CAD for Canadian students.

What does it take to earn a doctorate? 

Both types of degrees involve completing advanced coursework and conducting original research. With a professional doctorate, you'll tend to focus your research on solving existing problems, whereas with an academic doctorate, you'll tend to focus your research on contributing a new theory or analysis to your field.

Beyond that, the path to earning your doctorate will depend on what you want to study—an academic subject or a professional one—and where you go to college or university.

Professional doctorates

Your time in a professional doctorate program will be spent advancing your knowledge in your field—medicine, law, or otherwise—and developing important skills to begin doing the work required by your chosen profession. 

The common requirements include: 

• Coursework 

• Internship (clinical rotation) 

Medical students in Canada need to earn a baccalaureate degree from a recognized school to be accepted into a doctor of medicine program. Law students may participate in internships or exchange programs as part of their education plan.

Licensure

Both medical and law students will need to seek licensure after finishing their program. Law students who pass the licensing examination can go on to practice, while medical students will typically need to be licensed before beginning their residency program. 

Academic doctorates

Your time in an academic degree program will also be spent advancing your knowledge in your field by learning more about its history, theories, and key figures. From there, you will begin exploring how you can contribute original research to further people’s understanding of some aspect of the subject.

The common requirements include: 

• Coursework 

• Comprehensive exam 

• Dissertation 

Applying for a doctorate 

Each type of doctorate requires similar admissions criteria. Requirements generally include: 

• Institution’s application

• Resume or CV

• Transcripts

• Entrance exam (MCAT, LSAT, GMAT, or GRE) 

• Personal statement

• Letters of recommendation

Requirements for a professional doctorate

Professional doctorate students must first earn their bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in a related subject. For example, many law students study English or communication Studies as an undergraduate given the amount of writing they will undertake as JD students. Med students, on the other hand, might study biology or chemistry.

It can be helpful to pursue an undergraduate degree that will prepare you for the advanced coursework a professional doctorate requires, but it is not always necessary. If you’re interested in beginning a professional doctorate after studying a completely unrelated subject, you will likely have to first complete prerequisite courses to show you can succeed in advanced science courses. In fact, postbaccalaureate programs are designed to help students interested in the medical profession become stronger applicants. 

Prepare for medical school with a series of specialized, free courses from Stanford University, University of Michigan, Duke University, the University of Chicago, and other leading US institutions.

Requirements for an academic doctorate

As with a professional doctorate, you will need to earn your bachelor’s and your master’s degree unless you are accepted into a dual degree program that combines the master’s and PhD into a shorter time frame. Depending on what you study, a master's degree takes between one and three years to complete and further prepares you to go on and earn your doctorate.

Demand for doctorates

The demand for experts who hold a doctorate degree depends largely on the field. The need for lawyers is expected to remain balanced between 2022 and 2031, according to the Government of Canada Job Bank [3]. However, the demand for doctors and surgeons is expected to increase significantly during the same period [4].

Executives with several years of experience and an MBA may want to further their education and solve real-world business problems by earning their DBA. Doing so can be a lucrative venture. Because DBA graduates are not as common as MBAs, there may be more demand for their services.

Salaries for doctorates

For professional doctorates, earnings can be significant. For example, veterinarians make between $21 CAD and $80 CAD per hour, and lawyers make between $29 CAD and $93 CAD per hour [5, 6]. Overall, both doctorates tend to make more than those who earn a master’s or bachelor’s degree.

Is a doctorate right for you?

If your goal is to work in a specific field, like medicine, or to become an authority in your field, a doctorate can help you achieve either outcome. When considering whether you should begin a doctorate program, ask yourself the following questions to help outline the best path forward.  

• Do you enjoy working with this subject matter?

• What kinds of job opportunities are available after graduation?

• How competitive is the job market for your chosen career?

• Will a doctorate give you a unique career advantage?

• Do you have time to dedicate to earning a doctorate? 

• Can you afford the cost of a doctorate? 

• Are there financial aid options available?

Alternatives to doctorate degrees

Depending on your career path and goals, a master’s degree may be a better option. Master’s degrees take less time and cost less than doctorate degrees, and are available in nearly every field, including health care, business, the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. 

If you’re more interested in skills development, a professional certificate program can be a strong option to help you develop job-ready skills in popular fields like data science, project management, and UX design. You’ll find an array of programs from industry leaders like Google, Meta, IBM, Salesforce, and more on Coursera. 

Next steps

A doctorate can be financially, academically, and personally rewarding, adding important knowledge to your wheelhouse and a standout credential to your resume. Earning your master's can also help you discern whether an academic doctorate makes sense for your larger objectives. Explore degrees in computer science, business, management, or public health from leading institutions on Coursera, all while enjoying greater flexibility than an in-person degree program tends to offer.