This module covers how amino acid catabolism generates nitrogen waste, the step-by-step enzymology of the urea cycle that detoxifies it, the disorders that result when that cycle fails, and the biology of reactive nitrogen compounds such as nitrites and nitrosamines.

This module covers the structure and synthesis of heme, the porphyrias that arise from disrupted heme synthesis, and the molecular mechanisms, including IRE/IRE-BP regulation, that maintain iron homeostasis in the body.

This module examines how hemoglobin's structure and cooperative oxygen binding differ from myoglobin's, how factors such as the Bohr effect, 2,3-BPG, and carbon dioxide shift its oxygen affinity, and how hemoglobin variants affect oxygen transport.

This module traces bilirubin from its formation through heme breakdown, through hepatic conjugation, to its enterohepatic circulation and the clinical presentation of jaundice.