Heat transfer involves the exchange of thermal energy between two distinct systems. The principles of thermodynamics elucidate the modes of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection, and radiation. This module focusing on heat transfer within buildings provides an overview of internal and external heat gain. External heat gain, originating from building components like roofs, walls, fenestration, as well as through ventilation and air leakage, is thoroughly explained, accompanied by examples and precise calculations of the heat absorbed by these elements. Additionally, the reasons behind internal heat gain in a building are explored, along with the determination of the heating and cooling loads necessary to condition a space for the occupants' comfort.

Thermal comfort pertains to the subjective sensation experienced by the human body resulting from the influence of heat and cold sources in the surrounding environment. This module commences with a fundamental introduction to thermal comfort, elucidating the key parameters that shape its perception. The module also explores factors contributing to local thermal discomfort. Psychrometry, the study of thermodynamic properties of air and water vapor mixtures, is comprehensively explained using a psychrometric chart. The application of psychrometry in processes such as heating, cooling, humidification, and dehumidification is detailed, accompanied by illustrative examples. Thermal comfort models are examined for both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned spaces.

Visual comfort encompasses an individual's response to the lighting conditions within a space, characterized by adequate illumination, contrast, color, and the presence or absence of glare. This module on visual comfort introduces the fundamentals of lighting and the terminology employed in lighting design. Strategies for both daylighting and artificial lighting within a building are elucidated. The module delves into the aspects of daylighting for buildings, offering a detailed explanation of daylighting control strategies. Additionally, it outlines the various types of artificial lighting based on tasks. The design of artificial lighting is explored, and the necessary parameters, in accordance with the provisions outlined in the National Building Code (NBC), 2016, and the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), are elaborated upon with the aid of examples.