Analyze cell structure and function, including membrane transport, energy conversion, and metabolic pathways.

Explain how cells use signaling pathways to regulate metabolism and respond to their environment.

Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis and their roles in the cell cycle and reproduction.

Explain the consequences for human health when cell cycle controls or division processes fail.

Analyze the molecular processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation that govern the flow of genetic information.

Assess how gene expression is regulated and how mutations in these processes can impact human health.

Explain the fundamental principles of Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance.

Analyze pedigree charts and karyotype data to infer genotypes and predict genetic outcomes.

Analyze the mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection, and their effect on the genetic makeup of populations.

Interpret phylogenetic trees to explain how evolution results in speciation and contributes to biodiversity.

Analyze the factors that influence population dynamics and shape the interactions between species within a community.

Explain how biotic and abiotic factors define Earth's major biomes and are impacted by global climate change.

Explain the principles of key biotechnologies, including gene cloning, PCR, and DNA sequencing.

Evaluate the applications and ethical implications of biotechnology in fields like medicine and forensics.