Identify the pervasiveness of identity, identity groups, and identity norms in every aspect and decision-making of social and political life.

Describe the rationale behind affirmative action policies and their various forms, pros and cons, and limitations.

Recognize how specific socio-political regimes may be more conducive to the rise of identity politics than others.

Evaluate how national identities and nationalism shape geopolitical relations and their consequences at intra-national and inter-national levels.