For integrals of a function f(x), the region over which we integrate is always an interval of the real line. But for double integrals, we want to expand our abilities to integrate a multivariable function f(x,y) not only over rectangles, but also over more general regions in the plane. In this module, we develop the tools and techniques to do that.

A vector-valued function, also referred to as a vector function, is a mathematical function of one or more variables whose range is a set of multidimensional vectors or infinite-dimensional vectors. The input of a vector-valued function could be a scalar or a vector, but the output of this function is a vector. In this way, points are assigned to vectors. In this module, we will study these new types of functions and develop examples and applications of these new mathematical objects. They will play a key part in the development of vector calculus in future modules.

Despite the broad algebraic tools we have learned to find antiderivatives and evaluate definite integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, there are times when using antiderivatives is not possible. This could be because the function is too complicated in a way where no nice antiderivative exists, or that we are working with discrete data instead of a continuous function. In this module we introduce the notions and algorithms of numerical integration, which allow us to estimate the values of definite integrals. This is the basic problem we seek to solve: compute an approximate solution to a definite integral to a given degree of accuracy. There are many methods for approximating the integral to the desired precision, and we introduce a few here.