This module explores the concept of inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming, where a class can inherit properties and behaviors (attributes and methods) from another class. It includes a demonstration of inheritance and uses an Animal class to illustrate how a subclass can inherit features from a parent class. Further understanding of inheritance will be developed through case studies featuring the Person, Animal, and Vehicle classes.

This module focuses on the concept of polymorphism, which allows objects of different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through a shared interface. It includes a demonstration of polymorphism and showcases examples such as Family Tree, Animal, and Vehicle classes to highlight how different subclasses can override or share methods. Case studies featuring Employee, Shape, and Appliance classes will deepen learners' understanding of polymorphism in practical applications.

This module introduces the concept of encapsulation, a core principle of Object-Oriented Programming that restricts access to certain components of an object while exposing others. It includes a demonstration of how encapsulation works in Python, along with real-life examples such as a bank account, student grades, and a car engine. Case studies featuring Employee, Book, and Movie classes will further demonstrate how encapsulation protects data and organizes access.

This module covers the concept of abstraction, which simplifies complex systems by showing only the essential details and hiding the implementation. It includes a demonstration of abstraction in Python and provides examples such as Vehicles, Payment, and File Handling to illustrate how abstraction works in practice. Case studies featuring the Animal and Shape classes will help learners deepen their understanding of how abstraction is applied in Object-Oriented Programming.

This module focuses on the importance of documentation in programming, specifically in the context of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It explains what documentation is and how it enhances code readability and maintainability. Learners will explore best practices for writing professional documentation for classes and methods in Python. The module includes an example of a Book class with comprehensive documentation to illustrate effective practices.

This optional module offers a series of guided case studies designed to review and apply the key concepts covered throughout the course. You will explore practical scenarios that combine all object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts explored in the course: inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction, and documentation.