The income statement (starting with revenues) is like a waterfall, where you take out different expenses until you get to the "bottom line" of net profits. Your ability to do this simply and develop personal intuition about the different types of margin (gross, operating, net) will immediately differentiate you from most people. Let's use the example of a pen company to dig into what's driving costs and profitability.

The balance sheet is a financial snapshot of the ownership of a business. Namely, how much of it do you own (equity) and how much it was borrowed from other people with debt (liabilities). The main formula to remember is A = L + E. Assets (what you have) = Liabilities (what you owe) + Equity (what you own). This is a super powerful way to answer questions like a) What's our ability to pay our bills? b) How much debt do we have? c) How much inventory do we have?

Debt is a powerful tool in business that is sometimes misunderstood. 1) Debt can be good if you can borrow funds responsibly, make a good return on it, pay back the interest, and grow the business faster than if you didn't have debt. 2) Debt can be bad if you borrow beyond your ability to repay it, so that you are stuck in a cycle of debt. (e.g., keeping credit card balance and paying 20%+ annually) This same dynamic "debt can be good or bad" applies to student loan debt and government public debt.

Cash flow statement is the 3rd financial statement. The cashflow statement shows how money comes in/out of a company through operations, financing (raising money), and investing (getting a return on their investments). Often it only gets attention when a company is in crisis or is having trouble paying their bills. Return on investment (ROI) is a common and useful tool in business. If I invest X, and get Y, how much of a ROI did I get? Of course, it gets very complicated quickly because of the addition question: a) how accurate is that forecast b) what's your risk tolerance? c) what's the time frame d) what are the alternatives?