Did you know that particle accelerators play an important role in many functions of todays society and that there are over 30 000 accelerators in operation worldwide? A few examples are accelerators for radiotherapy which are the largest application of accelerators, altogether with more than 11000 accelerators worldwide. These accelerators range from very compact electron linear accelerators with a length of only about 1 m to large carbon ion synchrotrons with a circumference of more than 50 m and a huge rotating carbon ion gantry with a weight of 600 tons!
There are also a growing number of synchrotron light sources in the world. The light in these sources are created by electrons that are accelerated to almost the speed of light. This light can reveal the molecular structures of materials and also take x-ray pictures of the inner structure of objects. Synchrotron light sources are very important in life sciences, material sciences and chemistry. Another type of accelerators are used in spallation sources, like the European Spallation Source in Lund, Sweden. Here protons are accelerated to very large energies. They produce neutrons when they are smashed into a disc of tungsten. These neutrons are used for finding the inner structure of objects and atomic structures of materials. Finally there are many accelerators for basic physics, like the large hadron collider in Cern.
This course takes you on a journey through the technologies used in particle accelerators: The microwave system which produce the electromagnetic waves that accelerate particles; The magnet technology for the magnets that guide and focus the beam of particles; The monitoring systems that determine the quality of the beam of particles; Finally the vacuum systems that create ultra high vacuum so that the accelerated particles do not collide with molecules and atoms. Exciting right!
The course is graded through quizzes, one for each of the four modules. Throughout the course there are also a number of training quizzes to offer you support. The four modules in the course are: RF-systems, Magnet technology, Beam diagnostics, and Vacuum techniques. In total there are 48 lectures, where each lecture is a 2-4 minutes long video presentation. Some of the lectures are followed by short texts with complementary information and all will hopefully be an exciting collection for you to engage with.
Have fun!
This module is an introduction to the RF systems of particle accelerators. RF stand for radio frequency and indicates that the systems deal with electromagnetic waves with frequencies that are common for radio systems. The RF system generates electromagnetic waves and guides them down to cavities. The cavities are located along the beam pipe such that the particles pass through the cavities when they travel along the accelerator. When the waves enter the cavity they create as standing wave inside the cavity. it is the electric field of this standing wave that accelerates the particles. In the module we describe the amplifier, which generates and amplifies the electromagnetic waves. We describe different types of waveguides which transport the waves from the amplifier to the cavity. We also describe the most common types of cavities. Most of the system is described without equations but in the texts following the lectures you will find some of the theory for the RF-system.
What's included
14 videos10 readings15 assignments
Show info about module content
14 videos•Total 36 minutes
General introduction•2 minutes
Outline of the RF-system•2 minutes
Pill-box cavities•5 minutes
Energy•3 minutes
Coaxial waveguides•3 minutes
Rectangular waveguides•2 minutes
Computer simulations•2 minutes
The circulator•2 minutes
Introduction to RF-amplifiers•2 minutes
The klystron•4 minutes
General properties•3 minutes
Drift tube linac (DTL)•2 minutes
Elliptical cavity•1 minute
Traveling wave cavity•2 minutes
10 readings•Total 100 minutes
Introduction•10 minutes
Basic concepts 1•10 minutes
A mathematical description of the pillbox cavity•10 minutes
A mathematical description of energy in cavities•10 minutes
A mathematical description of the coaxial waveguide•10 minutes
A mathematical description of rectangular waveguides•10 minutes
More on the circulator•10 minutes
Gain of amplifiers•10 minutes
Drift tube Linac: example•10 minutes
Elliptical cavity: example•10 minutes
15 assignments•Total 410 minutes
Quiz Introduction•30 minutes
Outline of RF-system•5 minutes
Pill-box cavities•30 minutes
Energy•5 minutes
Coaxial waveguides•30 minutes
Rectangular waveguides•30 minutes
Computer simulations•30 minutes
Circulator•30 minutes
Introduction to amplifiers•30 minutes
The klystron•30 minutes
General properties•30 minutes
Drift tube linac•30 minutes
Elliptical cavities•30 minutes
Traveling wave cavity•30 minutes
RF-systems: Graded test•40 minutes
Magnet technology for accelerators
Module 2•3 hours to complete
Module details
This module is about the types of magnets that are used in particle accelerators. It introduces dipole magnets, quadrupole magnets, sextupole magnets and octupole magnets, and describe where these are needed and how they are designed. In the most common types of magnets, the magnetic field are produced by currents running in normal conducting wires. When large magnetic fields are required one use superconducting magnets and the module describe how these are designed. There are also cases when quite weakl magnetic fields are required and then one can use permanent magnets. This a green alternative since they have zero power consumption. The permanent magnets are also covered in this module.
What's included
4 videos1 reading5 assignments
Show info about module content
4 videos•Total 27 minutes
Basic iron magnet concepts, magnet types and design•9 minutes
Fast ramp magnets•5 minutes
Superconducting magnets•7 minutes
Permanent accelerator magnets and insertion devices•7 minutes
1 reading•Total 10 minutes
Magnetic circuits•10 minutes
5 assignments•Total 150 minutes
Basic concepts•30 minutes
Fast ramped magnets•30 minutes
Superconducting magnets•30 minutes
Permanent magnets and insertion devices•30 minutes
Magnet technology: Graded test•30 minutes
Beam Diagnostics
Module 3•11 hours to complete
Module details
In this module we describe how we can measure and monitor various beam parameters in a particle accelerator. We introduce a few examples of common instruments for each specific parameter, starting with beam intensity and beam position, followed by transverse distribution and beam emittance. We also present ways to monitor the longitudinal and the energy distribution. The last section describe how we can determine the amount of particles that the beam loose as it travels through the accelerator.
What's included
19 videos3 readings20 assignments
Show info about module content
19 videos•Total 45 minutes
Motivation to beam diagnostics•2 minutes
Important concepts in beam diagnostics•4 minutes
Describing the beam•2 minutes
Faraday cup•3 minutes
Wall current monitor•3 minutes
Beam Current Transformer•1 minute
Button pick-up•2 minutes
Cavity BPM•1 minute
OTR and Scintillating screens•5 minutes
Wire scanner and SEM grid•3 minutes
Synchrotron radiation monitor•2 minutes
An introduction to longitudinal profile•1 minute
Transversely deflecting cavity•2 minutes
Streak camera•2 minutes
Energy (profile) monitoring: Spectrometer and ToF•2 minutes
Energy along a single bunch•2 minutes
Introduction to beam loss and machine protection.•3 minutes
Ionization chamber•3 minutes
Scintillation counter•1 minute
3 readings•Total 50 minutes
Introduction to lecture on current and position measurements•10 minutes
Introduction to lecture on transverse beam profile measurements•10 minutes
To measure the beam emittance and the Twiss parameters:•30 minutes
20 assignments•Total 553 minutes
Motivation to beam diagnostics•30 minutes
Important concepts in beam diagnostics•12 minutes
Describing the beam•30 minutes
Faraday cup•30 minutes
Wall current monitor•30 minutes
Beam current transformer•30 minutes
Button pick up•6 minutes
Cavity BPM•30 minutes
OTR and scintillation screens•30 minutes
Wire scanner and SEM grid•30 minutes
Synchrotron radiation measurement•30 minutes
Emittance measurements•5 minutes
Transversely deflecting cavity•30 minutes
Streak camera•30 minutes
Energy monitoring: Spectrometer and ToF•30 minutes
Energy along a single bunch•30 minutes
Introduction to beam loss and machine protection•30 minutes
Ionization chamber•30 minutes
Scintillation counter•30 minutes
Beam diagnostics: Graded test•50 minutes
Basics of Vacuum techniques
Module 4•3 hours to complete
Module details
This module gives an introduction to basic concepts of vacuum physics and techniques in accelerators. Vacuum regions and the behavior of residual gas in these regions are described. Important phenomena, such as velocity distribution, average collision distance and molecular formation are explained by Maxwell-Boltzmann theory. These phenomena are used to determine vacuum criteria for accelerator systems. Basic concepts of vacuum pumps will be described, and different types of vacuum equipment will be presented.
The objective is that the students would understand the behavior of residual gas in Vacuum systems. They should be able to determine Vacuum criteria for a given system. They should also be able to choose proper equipment for Vacuum generation and measurement.
What's included
11 videos1 reading11 assignments
Show info about module content
11 videos•Total 26 minutes
Motivation•2 minutes
Introduction to pressure/vacuum•2 minutes
Three states of residual gas•1 minute
Definition of vacuum regions•2 minutes
Composition of residual gas•1 minute
Introduction to pumps•1 minute
Gas-Displacement Pumps•3 minutes
Kinetic Vacuum Pumps•2 minutes
Gas-Binding Pumps•4 minutes
Vacuum Gauges•4 minutes
Vacuum components•3 minutes
1 reading•Total 10 minutes
Brief introduction to Maxwell-Boltzmann theory for ideal gas•10 minutes
11 assignments•Total 144 minutes
Motivation•30 minutes
Introduction to pressure/vacuum•2 minutes
Three states of residual gases•30 minutes
Definition of vacuum regions•30 minutes
Composition of residual gases•5 minutes
Gas displacement pumps•5 minutes
Kinetic vacuum pumps•2 minutes
Gas binding pump•2 minutes
Vacuum Gauges•6 minutes
Vacuum components•2 minutes
Vacuum technology: Graded test•30 minutes
You have now successfully finalized the course!
Module 5•10 minutes to complete
Module details
What's included
1 reading
Show info about module content
1 reading•Total 10 minutes
Well done! You have now successfully finalized the course!•10 minutes
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Lund University was founded in 1666 and has for a number of years been ranked among the world’s top 100 universities. The University has 47 700 students and 7 500 staff based in Lund, Sweden. Lund University unites tradition with a modern, dynamic, and highly international profile. With eight different faculties and numerous research centres and specialized institutes, Lund is the strongest research university in Sweden and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research. The university annually attracts a large number of international students and offers a wide range of courses and programmes taught in English.
In addition, International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) is part of the university and works to advance strategies for sustainable solutions through cutting edge interdisciplinary research, high-quality innovative education, and effective communication and strong partnerships.
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RM
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Reviewed on Oct 28, 2019
Description of complex devices in particle accelerator field are explained in very lucid way.
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CL
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Reviewed on May 10, 2020
Excellent course, thank you so much. I am about to start a thesis at former IPNO in Orsay, and sure those knowledge will be of use.
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RM
4·
Reviewed on Feb 10, 2020
Some of the English could be clearer, but the information and delivery is generally great!
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