In R, categorical data are handled as factors. By definition, categorical data are limited in that they have a set number of possible values they can take. For example, there are 12 months in a calendar year. In a month variable, each observation is limited to taking one of these twelve values. Thus, with a limited number of possible values, month is a categorical variable. Categorical data, which will be referred to as factors for the rest of this lesson, are regularly found in data. Learning how to work with this type of variable effectively will be incredibly helpful.

Working with text data is increasingly common in data science projects. Text manipulation is often needed to clean up messy datasets and to create numerical measurements out of text input. In addition, often the text themselves are the data and this module covers tools to extract information from the text.

The goal of an exploratory analysis is to examine, or explore the data and find relationships that weren’t previously known. Exploratory analyses explore how different measures might be related to each other but do not confirm that relationship as causal, i.e., one variable causing another. You’ve probably heard the phrase “Correlation does not imply causation,” and exploratory analyses lie at the root of this saying. Just because you observe a relationship between two variables during exploratory analysis, it does not mean that one necessarily causes the other.

Now we will demonstrate how to import data using our case study examples. When working through the steps of the case studies, you can use either RStudio on your own computer or Coursera lab spaces provided for each case study.

In this project, you will practice data exploration and data wrangling with the tidyverse using consumer complaint data from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).